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AP Midterm 1 Study Guide

Page history last edited by Russell 12 years, 4 months ago

 

Scroll to find notes from both period 1 and period 6. Remember: The information is only as good as the brain of the student. Verify all information independently.

 

Author

Technique

Example

Ishmael Beah – A Long Way Gone

Appeals to Pathos with Connotative Language

“The flies are so excited and intoxicated that they fall on the pools of blood and die.”

 

“It was a girl, and her eyes were still open, with an interrupted innocent smile on her face. The bullets could be seen sticking out just a little but in the baby’s body and she was swelling.”

Franklin D. Roosevelt – Pearl Harbor Address

Anaphora

 

 

 

 

 

Appeals to Ethos

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appeals to Pathos

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appeals to Logos

“Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam.”

 

“As commander in chief of the army and navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.”

 

“With confidence in our armed forces – with the unbounded determination of our people – we will gain the inevitable triumph – so help us God.”

 

“It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned may days or even weeks ago.”

George W. Bush – Address to Joint Session of Congress

Imagery

 

 

 

 

 

Analogy

 

 

 

Rhetorical Question

“We will not forget South Korean children gathering to pray outside our embassy in Seoul.”

 

“Al Qaeda is to terror what the mafia is to crime.”

 

“Americans are asking, why do they hate us?”

Thomas Paine – These Are the Times That Try Men’s Souls

Antithesis

“I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on ever state”

 

“Say not that thousands are gone, turn out your tens of thousands: throw not the burden of the day upon Providence, but ‘show your faith by your works, ‘that God may bless you.”

John Winthrop – A Model of Christian Charity

Figurative Language & Analogy

“Now the only way to avoid the shipwreck…”

Benjamin Franklin – Join Or Die (Image)

Logos & Pathos

Inspires fear in viewers who feel like they will “die” as a nation if they aren’t united.

 

Author

Technique

Thomas Paine – These are The Times That Try Men’s Souls”

Antithesis:

“I call not upon a few, but upon all: not on this state or that state, but on every state”

 

Ethos:

Appeals to the religious beliefs and values. References to God.

Franklin D. Roosevelt – Pearl Harbor Address

Pathos:

“…makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.”

 

“…the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.”

 

Ethos:

“As commander in chief of the army and navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.”

 

“I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again.”

Logos:

“It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago.”

 

Parallelism:

“Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. Last night…Last night… Last night…”

 

George W. Bush – Address to Joint Session of Congress

Analogy:

“Al Qaeda is to terror what mafia is to crime.”

 

Rhetorical questions:

“Why do they hate us?”

 

Parallelism:

“We have seen… We have seen.” 

 

Ethos:

Repetition in the word “we”, which binds the audience to Bush, giving him credibility.  

 

Imagery:

“We will not forget South Korean children gathering to pray outside our embassy in Seoul, or the prayers of sympathy offered at a mosque in Cairo.” 

“Some will remember an image of fire or a story of rescue.” 

Benjamin Franklin – Join Or Die

Logos and Pathos:

Franklin inspires his audience to come together as a nation or else the nation will “die”. He makes an appeal to logos when he separates the snake into pieces, and each piece representing the nation. He is comparing the nation to a snake cut apart. The snake cannot survive in pieces, as well as the nation.

 

Ethos:

Franklin used a well-known mythological piece for his picture. 

Edward T. Adams – Saigon Execution

Pathos:

The victim seems vulnerable. His facial expressing is telling the audience that he is afraid. He has his hand behind his back, and has no authority compared to the officer. The officer has all the power with the gun in his hand.

John Winthrop – A Model of Christian Charity

Simile/ Analogy:

Doesn’t want his new nation to be like a “shipwreck”, he wants to avoid becoming the country that they come from. He compares the city to a city on a hill to say that we are on display.

 

Biblical allusion:

“follow the counsel of Micah” 

 

Parallelism:

Winthrop’s use of the phrase “we must”. “…we must be knit together, in this work as one man. We must…We must… We must…” 

Hyunh Cong “Nick” Ut – The Terror of War

Pathos:

Expression on the children’s faces. Also children are an iconic image of purity, and since this is altered, the audience feels emotion. We also feel anger towards the soldiers in the background as the selfishly walk behind the suffering children.

 

Logos:

Logical evidence of anguish by the faces made by the children

 

Ethos:

He creates credibility through taking the photo. He reveals s photo of realities of war that most people of the world don’t know about. He helps the audience understand that the world and war is a harsh place.

 

Parallelism:

Children are in the background, and children in the foreground.

Ishmael Beah – A Long Way Gone

Ethos:

Ishmael sets up a familiar environment that connects the reader with the past experience of the narrator – Ishmael

 

Pathos:

The usage of graphic events being described in detail draws in the audience, even as it disgusts them 

John Cleese – Axis of Evil Wannabes

Verbal Irony:

Comedic titles: “Axis of nations that aren’t so evil.” 

Mocks the term “Axis of Evil” 

 

Parallelism:

“Axis of Evil”, “Axis of Somewhat Evil”, “Axis of Occasionally Evil” 

 

Hyperbole:

“Axis of Nations That Are Actually Quite Nice But Secretly Have Some Nasty Thoughts About America” 

 

Thomas Jefferson – The Declaration of Independence

Logos:

Lists logical reasons to why the union should separate from the British. Jefferson writes down the wrong doings of the British to justify their separation. 

 

 

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